Any question you may have, I will try and answer to the best of my abilities. Also, since this will be a forum on the message board, anything I can’t answer, or don’t have enough information about, I would hope the other members of the comic book community will be able to give their information as well. I have provided at least one link to resources for each section contained here.
Space Sectors
In the universe that is the DCU, The Guardians have divided their realm of influence in space into 3602 sectors. With 3600 patrolled sectors which are divided into equal triangular sections all converging on the planet Oa, (each with 2 of their own Green Lantern Corps members, usually a native of the sector) and 2 sectors which are technically off limits, or out of the Guardians and Green Lanterns realm of influence.
We start with Space Sector 0000; it is the center of the universe, the planet Oa, home to the Guardians of the Universe.
It is where ALL of the 3600 patrolled sectors of space intersect. It is also the exact opposite of Space Sector -0001, all Green Lantern Corpsmen are assigned to monitor and protect it. All Sinestro Corps members are assigned to monitor it. In addition, there are several Green Lanterns assigned specifically to the sector, including Guy Gardner and Kyle Rayner.
The first of these non patrolled Sectors is -0001, which represents the Anti-Matter universe of Qward (see below); it is the exact opposite of Space Sector 0000. It is the home to the Qwardians and the Anti-Monitor and serves as the base of operations for the Sinestro Corps. All Sinestro Corps members are assigned to monitor and protect it. All Green Lantern Corps members are assigned to monitor it.
The second non patrolled Sector is 3601. This is the sector which is home to the planet Biot, the home planet of the Manhunters (Cyborgs; the Guardians first attempt at Universal peacekeepers, see below) who were banished here after their failed attempt at overthrowing the Guardians. This space sector is incapable of sustaining organic life without mechanical assistance, hence why there is no GL Corpsmen assigned here.
http://www.dcuguide.com/glcorps/_sector.php
DCU Sector Guide
Qward, the planet and Anti-Matter Universe
Qward and the rest of the Antimatter Universe is the direct result of cosmic tampering wrought by the Maltusian scientist known as Krona. Millennia ago, Krona built a device designed to commune with the source of all creation in an effort to learn the origins of the cosmos. The experiment violated the tenants of cosmic law, and as such a backlash ensued which resulted in the creation of the Antimatter Universe. [1] Qward is located at the very center of the Antimatter universe and serves as that dimension’s analog to the positive-matter world known as Oa.
The most powerful being in the Antimatter Universe was the Anti-Monitor. Born over ten billion years ago, the Anti-Monitor was born on one of the moons of Qward, and he was responsible for the creation of a race of warriors known as the Thunderers. The most capable of Thunderers were transformed into two-dimensional beings of pure shadow, and functioned as the Anti-Monitor's personal elite fighting force. The Anti-Monitor discovered the existence of the positive matter universe, as well as the fact that his own counterpart had been born on a moon of Oa. This being represented a race of humanoids commonly referred to as the Monitors. [3] The Anti-Monitor and the Monitor were bitter enemies and a final clash between the two created an energy backlash that left both combatants comatose for millions of years.
Even without the Anti-Monitor to lead them, the Thunderers maintained their militaristic might for eons. Many of them warriors became weapons-smiths and are often regarded by the title Weaponers of Qward.
The Thunderers worked alongside the Weaponers for many years, but eventually, a schism erupted within their military ranks. Irik Roval, leader of the Thunderers staged a coup against First Weaponlord Varnathon of Q'Uld and became the Highlord of Qward. Roval then located the prison of Erdammeru, the Void Hound, an ancient weapon of the Qward who in the intervening centuries had been misconceived of as a dark god. Roval piloted the Void Hound through an ancient Qwa-portal into the positive matter universe, where he did battle against the Justice League in search of the ancient scientist, Krona. Though Roval was eventually forced to retreat by the destruction of the Void Hound, Qward remained a potent threat to the Justice League, revitalized under their new leader.
Qward later became a haven for the deposed Green Lantern known as Sinestro. Sinestro took control of a group of Weaponers and had them a fashion a powerful ring, which functioned similarly to that of a Green Lantern ring, with the notable exception that it utilized yellow energy; energy which proved instrumental when combating Green Lanterns. Sinestro and his Qwardian allies (known in their culture as "Qwarda-jin") frequently waged war against the Green Lantern Corps, but the Corps always proved victorious in their battles against the Weaponers and Sinestro was invariably taken back to the positive-matter universe where he was imprisoned on Oa.
Having survived his apparent "death" at the hands of renegade Hal Jordan, Sinestro returned to Qward and full control over the Weaponers. He forced them to mass produce yellow power rings to outfit his own army of soldiers known as the Sinestro Corps.
Green Lantern Wikia of Qward
Other Races
The Manhunters
The Manhunters were the first attempt of the Guardians of the Universe to create an interstellar police force that would combat evil all over the cosmos. Their name and much of their code of behavior was modeled by the Guardians of the Universe on the Manhunters of Ma'aleca'andra (Mars). For thousands of years, they served the Guardians well. However, the Manhunters became obsessed with the act of 'hunting' criminals. Their code, "No man escapes the Manhunters" (corrupted from the original), became more important to them than seeing justice done.
Eventually, the robots conspired to rebel against their masters, but the Guardians defeated and destroyed most of them. Those that survived hid away on many planets, slowly rebuilding their forces and spreading their beliefs to others. Since then, the over-riding goal of the Manhunters has been to take revenge on the Guardians, as well as on their replacements, the Green Lantern Corps. After the Manhunters the Guardians employed a group called the Hallas. As I find more information on them, I will add it to the message board.
Manhunters Wiki
Manhunters at ComicVine
The Controllers
Pre-Crsis
In their initial appearance, the Controllers came from "another space-time continuum". Their universe had almost been destroyed by war, and they determined to prevent the Earth-One universe going the same way. They used their mind-control abilities to prevent intergalactic war, but also had powerful weapons, including the Sun-Eater.
Post-Crisis
The Controllers' origins were substantially changed following the Crisis on Infinite Earths, although their motives and methods remained the same. They were originally part of a race called the Maltusians. Later on these beings left Maltus and colonized a new world called Oa. Now calling themselves Oans, they feel responsible for the catastrophic effects on the universe caused by one of their own, the renegade scientist Krona. The group argues over ways to handle the situation. (Note: in the original version of the story, this experiment was supposed to have created evil itself.) One group of Oans desires to dedicate their immortal existences to contain evil. This group eventually became the Guardians of the Universe. Another group decides that evil should be destroyed. This group leaves the planet Oa, eventually becoming the Controllers. (A later version of the story revised the Controllers history, saying that the Controllers left over the Guardians' decision to stop using their robot minions, the Manhunters).
The Controllers are the creators of both the Sun-Eaters and the Darkstars.
The Sun-Eaters are enormous, gaseous creatures who have the ability to consume planets as well as stars.
The Darkstars are the Controllers answer to the Green Lantern Corps, effectively, their version of universal peacekeepers. They are now considered defunct as the forces of Grayven (Darkseid’s 3rd son) eliminated all but a handful of them.
Controllers Wiki
Sun Eater Wiki
Sun Eater Wikia
Darkstars Wiki
Darkstars at ComicVine
The Zamarons
The Zamarons were originally the female members of the race called Maltusians or Oans. When the renegade scientist Krona performed a forbidden experiment that had terrible effects on the whole universe, the male Oans argued about how to deal with the situation. One group of Oans decided to dedicate their eternal existences to contain evil; they became the Guardians of the Universe. The females, however, saw no need to involve themselves and, since the Oans were by then immortal and had no more need to reproduce, left their mates and became known as The Zamarons.
After billions of years, the Zamarons and Guardians evolved (since they did not reproduce, it was the individuals themselves who evolved) into different forms. While the Oans were originally human-like but blue-skinned, the Zamarons eventually became identical to white Earth women. The Zamarons developed a warrior-like culture, and, unlike the Guardians, preferred to focus on developing their physical abilities over their mental ones; they developed the habit of storing their psionic energies on purple crystals. They also have a custom of choosing a female that bears a certain specific appearance as their leader; this person becomes "Star Sapphire," with a namesake gem that grants her enormous mental powers but also takes over her mind.
Zamaron Wikia